Mauritania is predominantly a desert country, with vast stretches of pastoral land and only 0.5% arable land. The population is estimated at around 5 million (2024), and with a density of 5 inhabitants per square kilometer, it is one of the least densely populated countries in the world. In addition, more than half of Mauritanians (61.3%) live in urban areas (2024).

Mauritania is currently facing major migration challenges, serving as a key transit point for migrants en route to Europe. Nouakchott hosts approximately 500,000 migrants in irregular situations, underscoring the country’s strategic position along migration routes. The deteriorating security situation in Mali has also triggered an influx of refugees, with approximately 170,000 Malians currently sheltered in the Mbera camp. 

Economic growth is estimated at 5.1% in 2024 (2.1% per capita), down from 6.5% in 2023 (3.4% per capita), as strong export performance and resilient private consumption were offset by weaker public consumption and a slowdown in gold and iron ore production. Inflation declined to 1.5% (year-on-year) in December 2024, compared to 1.6% in 2023, driven by lower food and fuel prices and supported by the Central Bank’s tight monetary policy. 

The medium-term outlook is favorable, with GDP growth projected to average 5.1% over 2025–2027, driven by the launch of gas production and exports under the Grand Tortue Ahmeyim (GTA) project. This growth may be partially offset by a decline in gold and iron ore production. Modest agricultural performance and rising inflation are expected to push the poverty rate up to 31.8% by 2027, bringing an estimated 193,000 people into poverty. The fiscal deficit is expected to average -1.1% of GDP over 2025–2027, due to increased investment spending, partially offset by rising gas revenues. Public debt is projected to stabilize at 43.7% of GDP by 2027, enabling the country to undertake priority investments. 

Source: World Bank, Mauritania Country Overview